A lack of REM sleep affects cognitive functioning, memory integration, insight, and problem solving. Rapid eye movement ( REM) sleep is the final stage at which we dream and takes up ~25% of the sleep cycle. Stages 3 and 4 are characterized by deep, slow-wave sleep and are the most physically restorative. Stages 1 and 2 are times of lighter sleep, with faster brain waves. There are 5 major stages of the sleep cycle. The sleep cycle lasts ~90 minutes and repeats itself throughout the night. This is apart from hypnotic drug dependence, which can also contribute to daytime sleepiness and sedation. Furthermore, 27% of Canadians report being sleepy at work ≥2 days a week, and 19% report making errors at work because of sleeplessness, with 2% reporting being injured. In addition, 51% of adults report driving when drowsy, and 17% of drivers report having dozing off at the wheel on ≥1 occasion. For example, driving after not sleeping for 18 hours can lead to a level of impairment that is equivalent to having had 3 to 4 alcoholic drinks, or equivalent to having a blood alcohol content of 0.05% being awake for at least 24 hours is equal to having a blood alcohol content of 0.10%. Inadequate sleep is associated with an increased risk of diabetes, obesity, gastrointestinal problems, especially reflux, cardiovascular disease, memory impairment, mood changes as well as inattention and a slower reaction time. It is often accompanied by deficits in functioning and performance-especially in the case of tasks requiring concentration, attention, memory, or precision-which the person may not recognize or acknowledge.Īlmost 45% of adults report not getting enough sleep, while 10% to 15% report chronic insomnia, and 40%, daytime drowsiness. The common result of insomnia is that someone feels unrefreshed on the following day, with daytime fatigue and drowsiness. Insomnia is defined as inadequate or poor sleep quality, difficulty falling asleep, frequent nocturnal awakenings, early morning awakening, and being unable to get back to sleep. An American Academy of Sleep Medicine report. Practice parameters for the psychological and behavioral treatment of insomnia: An update. Morgenthaler T, Kramer M, Alessi C, et al American Academy of Sleep Medicine. Clinical guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic insomnia in adults. Schutte-Rodin S, Broch L, Buysse D, Dorsey C, Sateia M. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. PMCID: PMC4634348.Īmerican Psychiatric Association. Treatment of Chronic Insomnia in Adults: ACP Guideline. Evidence-based psychological therapies for insomnia. The extraordinary importance of sleep: The detrimental effects of inadequate sleep on health and public safety drive an explosion of sleep research.
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